Metabolic Syndrome in Subjects with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus: RESULTS
A total of 218 subjects with type-2 diabetes were studied. The mean age of all the patients was 52 ± 5.8 years (range 36-62 years), consisting of 128 (58.7%) males and 90 (41.3%) females. The mean duration of disease was 8.5 ±7.1 years. The mean fasting blood glucose and two-hour postprandial blood glucose levels in the population were 5.4 ± 1.2mmol/l (range 4.3-6.2 mmol/1) and 7.9 ± 0.3mmol/l (range 7.4-8.5 mmol/1) respectively. The mean WHR was 0.97 and 0.96 in male and female subjects, respectively. The mean BMI was 25.5 ± 5.4 (males—23.4 ± 4.2; females—26.2 ± 5.7). Table 1 shows the baseline data of the subjects with and without MS.
Systemic hypertension was the commonest component of the syndrome seen in 84 (38.5%) subjects: more in females (48—37.5% males vs. 36-40% female subjects). The mean systolic blood pressure was 150 ± 16 mmHg in men and 145 ± 15 mmHg in women. The mean diastolic blood pressures were 94 ± 9 mmHg and 92 ± 10 mmHg, respectively, male vs. female.
Table 1. Clinical Characteristics of Type-2 Diabetic Subjects with and without Metabolic Syndrome X
| Total Number |
Type-2 Diabetic |
Type-2 Diabetic |
||
| Subjects |
Patients with |
Patients without |
||
| with Type-2 Diabetes |
Syndrome X |
Syndrome X |
p-Value |
|
| Number of patients (%) | 218 (100) |
55 (25.2) |
163 (74.8) |
O.05 |
| Age (years) | 52 ± 5.8 |
53.4 ± 6.3 |
52 ± 5.8 |
>0.05 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 8.5 ±7.1 | 9.4 ±4.1 . |
5.5 ± 3.2 |
<0.05 |
| Waist-hip ratio >0.85 (%) | 132 (60.6) |
89 (54.9) |
43 (53.8) |
>0.05 |
| Body mass index >25(Kg/m2) (%) | 108 (49.5%) |
28 (50.9) |
80 (49.1) |
>0.05 |
| Hypertension (%) | 84 (38.5%) |
29 (52.7%) |
55 (33.7%) |
<0.05 |
| Mean SBP (mmHg) | 147.5 ± 15.5 |
168 ± 13.5 |
125 ± 10.5 |
<0.05 |
| Mean DBP (mmHg) | 93 ± 9.5 |
105 ±7.4 |
75 ± 8.3 |
<0.05 |
| Fasting blood sugar (mmol/L) | 5.4 ± 1.2 |
6.3 ± 1.8 |
5.0 ± 1.6 |
<0.05 |
| Total cholesterol (mg%) | 168.6 ±25.8 |
162 ± 12.3 |
155 ± 18.6 |
O.05 |
| Serum total cholesterol >200 mg (%) | 20 (9.2) |
16 (29.1) |
4 (2.5) |
<0.05 |
| Microalbuminuria (%) | 26 (11.9) |
17 (30.9) |
9 (5.5) |
<0.05 |
| SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure | ||||
Dyslipidemia occurs more commonly in males than females. Eight female subjects and 12 male subjects had serum total cholesterol >200 mg%. The mean serum total cholesterol for the entire group was 168.6 ± 25.8 mg% (men 153 ± 23; women 169 ± 19; p>0.05). Generally, the obese had significantly higher levels of serum total cholesterol than the nonobese.
Table 2. Frequency of Occurrence of Metabolic Syndrome in Type-2 Diabetic Subjects Studied
| Males (n=128) |
Females (n=90) |
p-value | |
| Hypertension |
48 (37.5%) |
36 (40%) |
<0.05 |
| Obesity |
11 (8.6%) |
13 (14.4%) |
<0.05 |
| Hyperlipidemia |
23 (18%) |
11 (12.2%) |
<0.05 |
| Microalbuminuria |
17 (13.3%) |
9 (10%) |
<0.05 |
| Metabolic syndrome |
32 (25%) |
23 (25.6%) |
>0.05 |
Obesity was more common in female subjects than in males. In the population, 23 (10.6%), 87 (39.9%), 82 (37.6%), and 26 (11.9%) were underweight (BMK20.0), of normal weight (BMI=20.1-25.0), overweight (BMI=25.1-29.9) and obese (BMI>30.0), respectively.
Table 3. Cardiovascular Events in Type-2 Diabetic Subjects with and without Metabolic Syndrome
|
Events |
Total Type-2 Diabetic Subjects (n=218) | Type-2 Diabetic Subjects without the Metabolic Syndrome | Type-2 Diabetic Subjects with the Metabolic Syndrome |
| Peripheral vascular disease (%) 47 (21.6) |
15 (31.9) |
32 (68.1) |
|
| Stroke (%) |
12 (5.5) |
5(41.7) |
7 (58.3) |
| Coronary heart disease (%) |
0(0) |
0(0) |
0(0) |
| pO.001 | |||
Out of 128 male type-2 diabetic patients, 111 (86.7%) subjects tested negative to both SAT and AT, thus being without microalbuminuria. The corresponding figure among the females is 90% (81 out of 90 subjects).
Table 2 shows the frequency of occurrence of MS in subjects with type-2 diabetes studied. MS was present in 25.2% (55 out of 218 subjects) of the study population. Combinations of the different components of MS were more frequent in males, except that the combination of obesity and hypertension was more common in females, p<0.05. pharmacy united kingdom
Table 3 shows the cardiovascular events in type-2 diabetic subjects with and without MS. The syndrome and its different components were positively associated with a higher risk of stroke, peripheral vascular disease, and occurrence of microalbuminuria, p<0.001. Ischemic heart disease occurs rarely in the population.
